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【原创】通过PE中的“富签名”进行攻击溯源

应急响应 Wangyeyu2015 1059℃

众所周知,Windows PE文件结构长这样。

落到文件就像是这样,其中“”颜色选中的地方是“IMAGE_DOS_HEADER”。

按照微软的文档说明,结构应该是这样:

是不是感觉怪怪的,好像与文档对不上?

我们可以尝试着人工先分析一下,首先,把这段明文的内容提取出来,根据内容“This program cannot be run in DOS mode.(该程序不能以DOS模式运行。)”可以猜出,这段明文可能是用来在dos环境下,提示该程序无法直接运行的。

那么我们跳过这段数据继续往下看,下面这段看起来似乎比较有结构话,很多地方都存在重复字节。

博主在对比了多个样本后发现,在PE头之前,去掉看似被填充的0x00以后,在他倒数的0x08~0x04位置,每个样本均出现了明文字符串”Rich”。

博主查阅了大量资料,发现一段数据,是使用微软的编译器时微软故意留下的编译器信息。

称为“Rich Signature”(富签名),该签名似乎只有在使用微软Visual Studio编译器时留下


下面,博主带大家一起分析一下Rich签名,老规矩,博主会尽量讲的细一点,希望大家可以有所收获。

首先,我们可以看到,在这个”Rich Signature”中存在大量的重复字节,例如图中的红框和绿框部分,而最后一个红框部分内容很巧合的出现在明文Rich(蓝框)的后面,形成了一个结尾。

但是不清楚有何用途。

博主在经过对Visual Studio的link.exe逆向分析后,在函数中找到了答案,异或

根据他的算法我们可以看出来,他使用”Rich Signature”最后的4字节进行了一次异或,所以博主按照上图所示,使用CyberChef工具对整个”Rich Signature”异或一下,来还原原始数据。

我们根据逆向link.exe时看到的生成Rich签名的处理逻辑继续分析。首先我们忽略最前面的“DanS”部分的结构头,从0x10继续分析。

虽然从图中我们可以很明显的看出使用异或解密后的数据十分的有结构化,但是还是无法明确每个字节的含义是什么,博主又在查阅了一大堆资料后,从微软泄露的Windows 2000的源代码中发现了更多的答案。

正如我们所看到,”Rich Signature”以每”PRODITEM(8字节)”为一个结构数组,每个”PRODITEM(8字节)”由三个部分组成,分别是”dwProdid(ProdID(2字节)、dwProdid(2字节))”、”dwCount(4字节)“。我们按照此结构继续解析。

注意大小端!注意大小端!注意大小端!

首先读取2字节把16进制转换为10进制,”0x78 0x09″->”30729″。//ProdID

再读取2字节把16进制转换为10进制,”0x00 0x93″->”147″。//dwProdid

再读取4字节把16进制转换为10进制,”0x00 0x00 0x00 0x0A”->”10″。//dwCount

到此为止,我们便成功提取了富签名的信息,但是这些信息还不足以对我们产生太多的价值,但是如果价值不大,那么微软为什么会把这个信息加密隐藏在PE中呢?我们接着往下看。

博主继续分析了泄露的Windows 2000源代码,发现”dwProdid“代表的是编译工具内部的版本号,例如在本次的样本中,”147″则代表着”Implib900″(完整版本号见文末附录二)。

而”ProdID“(产品标识符)存在于”Visual Studio“开发工具中,包括微软的链接器、C/C++ 编译器、MASM、资源、导入、implibs 等。

当开发者在使用这些开发工具编译文件时,便会将这些开发工具的”ProdID“写入”Rich Signature”中,在本次的样本中,”30729″就是代表着”Visual Studio 2008 SP1 [9.0]、Visual C++ 2008 SP1 [9.0]”(完整版本号见文末附录三)。

最后的”dwCount”则是开发工具被调用到的次数,”10″代表着被调用了10次,表示参与编译的文件有10个,注意:此处的数量不一定是开发者编写了10个文件,而是开发者编写的文件加参与编译的系统库一共有10个文件调用了开发工具。

以上我们便完成了对一个”PRODITEM”结构数组的分析,我们继续往下看,…,直到看到这里。

我们按照上面的方法继续解析一下。

首先读取2字节把16进制转换为10进制,”0x7B 0x8E”->”31630″。//ProdID

再读取2字节把16进制转换为10进制,”0x01 0x02″->”258″。//dwProdid

再读取4字节把16进制转换为10进制,”0x00 0x00 0x00 0x01″->”1″。//dwCount

根据附录二,”258(dwProdid)”表示”Linker1400″,值得注意的是“dwProdid”中的“Linker”、”Cvtres”字段极有可能表示的是开发者使用的VS版本,根据附录三,”31630(ProdID)”表示”Visual Studio 2022 version 17.3.4″。

所以,这个样本就是使用”Visual Studio 2022 version 17.3.4″开发编译的!


总结一下,综上所述,当使用微软编译器编译时,他会将编译器的信息一起加密记录在编译完的二进制文件中,可以通过这个信息精准的识别编译器的版本、内部版本、调用次数等等,还可以通过编译器信息知道被编译的文件是c语言还是c++,是汇编还是cvtres,又或者是什么Visual Studio版本。

那么我们在溯源的时候可以怎么使用呢?

我们可以通过上述信息知道攻击者是使用什么环境编译的样本,并可以接着YARA在VT上进行Hunter,狩猎更多的样本。


附录一(yara规则模板):

rule MSVC5
{
	condition:
		pe.rich_signature.version(1668) and pe.rich_signature.toolid(6)
}

附录二(dwProdid):

dwProdid = {
  0: "Unknown",
  1: "Import0",
  2: "Linker510",
  3: "Cvtomf510",
  4: "Linker600",
  5: "Cvtomf600",
  6: "Cvtres500",
  7: "Utc11_Basic",
  8: "Utc11_C",
  9: "Utc12_Basic",
  10: "Utc12_C",
  11: "Utc12_CPP",
  12: "AliasObj60",
  13: "VisualBasic60",
  14: "Masm613",
  15: "Masm710",
  16: "Linker511",
  17: "Cvtomf511",
  18: "Masm614",
  19: "Linker512",
  20: "Cvtomf512",
  21: "Utc12_C_Std",
  22: "Utc12_CPP_Std",
  23: "Utc12_C_Book",
  24: "Utc12_CPP_Book",
  25: "Implib700",
  26: "Cvtomf700",
  27: "Utc13_Basic",
  28: "Utc13_C",
  29: "Utc13_CPP",
  30: "Linker610",
  31: "Cvtomf610",
  32: "Linker601",
  33: "Cvtomf601",
  34: "Utc12_1_Basic",
  35: "Utc12_1_C",
  36: "Utc12_1_CPP",
  37: "Linker620",
  38: "Cvtomf620",
  39: "AliasObj70",
  40: "Linker621",
  41: "Cvtomf621",
  42: "Masm615",
  43: "Utc13_LTCG_C",
  44: "Utc13_LTCG_CPP",
  45: "Masm620",
  46: "ILAsm100",
  47: "Utc12_2_Basic",
  48: "Utc12_2_C",
  49: "Utc12_2_CPP",
  50: "Utc12_2_C_Std",
  51: "Utc12_2_CPP_Std",
  52: "Utc12_2_C_Book",
  53: "Utc12_2_CPP_Book",
  54: "Implib622",
  55: "Cvtomf622",
  56: "Cvtres501",
  57: "Utc13_C_Std",
  58: "Utc13_CPP_Std",
  59: "Cvtpgd1300",
  60: "Linker622",
  61: "Linker700",
  62: "Export622",
  63: "Export700",
  64: "Masm700",
  65: "Utc13_POGO_I_C",
  66: "Utc13_POGO_I_CPP",
  67: "Utc13_POGO_O_C",
  68: "Utc13_POGO_O_CPP",
  69: "Cvtres700",
  70: "Cvtres710p",
  71: "Linker710p",
  72: "Cvtomf710p",
  73: "Export710p",
  74: "Implib710p",
  75: "Masm710p",
  76: "Utc1310p_C",
  77: "Utc1310p_CPP",
  78: "Utc1310p_C_Std",
  79: "Utc1310p_CPP_Std",
  80: "Utc1310p_LTCG_C",
  81: "Utc1310p_LTCG_CPP",
  82: "Utc1310p_POGO_I_C",
  83: "Utc1310p_POGO_I_CPP",
  84: "Utc1310p_POGO_O_C",
  85: "Utc1310p_POGO_O_CPP",
  86: "Linker624",
  87: "Cvtomf624",
  88: "Export624",
  89: "Implib624",
  90: "Linker710",
  91: "Cvtomf710",
  92: "Export710",
  93: "Implib710",
  94: "Cvtres710",
  95: "Utc1310_C",
  96: "Utc1310_CPP",
  97: "Utc1310_C_Std",
  98: "Utc1310_CPP_Std",
  99: "Utc1310_LTCG_C",
  100: "Utc1310_LTCG_CPP",
  101: "Utc1310_POGO_I_C",
  102: "Utc1310_POGO_I_CPP",
  103: "Utc1310_POGO_O_C",
  104: "Utc1310_POGO_O_CPP",
  105: "AliasObj710",
  106: "AliasObj710p",
  107: "Cvtpgd1310",
  108: "Cvtpgd1310p",
  109: "Utc1400_C",
  110: "Utc1400_CPP",
  111: "Utc1400_C_Std",
  112: "Utc1400_CPP_Std",
  113: "Utc1400_LTCG_C",
  114: "Utc1400_LTCG_CPP",
  115: "Utc1400_POGO_I_C",
  116: "Utc1400_POGO_I_CPP",
  117: "Utc1400_POGO_O_C",
  118: "Utc1400_POGO_O_CPP",
  119: "Cvtpgd1400",
  120: "Linker800",
  121: "Cvtomf800",
  122: "Export800",
  123: "Implib800",
  124: "Cvtres800",
  125: "Masm800",
  126: "AliasObj800",
  127: "PhoenixPrerelease",
  128: "Utc1400_CVTCIL_C",
  129: "Utc1400_CVTCIL_CPP",
  130: "Utc1400_LTCG_MSIL",
  131: "Utc1500_C",
  132: "Utc1500_CPP",
  133: "Utc1500_C_Std",
  134: "Utc1500_CPP_Std",
  135: "Utc1500_CVTCIL_C",
  136: "Utc1500_CVTCIL_CPP",
  137: "Utc1500_LTCG_C",
  138: "Utc1500_LTCG_CPP",
  139: "Utc1500_LTCG_MSIL",
  140: "Utc1500_POGO_I_C",
  141: "Utc1500_POGO_I_CPP",
  142: "Utc1500_POGO_O_C",
  143: "Utc1500_POGO_O_CPP",

  144: "Cvtpgd1500",
  145: "Linker900",
  146: "Export900",
  147: "Implib900",
  148: "Cvtres900",
  149: "Masm900",
  150: "AliasObj900",
  151: "Resource900",

  152: "AliasObj1000",
  154: "Cvtres1000",
  155: "Export1000",
  156: "Implib1000",
  157: "Linker1000",
  158: "Masm1000",

  170: "Utc1600_C",
  171: "Utc1600_CPP",
  172: "Utc1600_CVTCIL_C",
  173: "Utc1600_CVTCIL_CPP",
  174: "Utc1600_LTCG_C ",
  175: "Utc1600_LTCG_CPP",
  176: "Utc1600_LTCG_MSIL",
  177: "Utc1600_POGO_I_C",
  178: "Utc1600_POGO_I_CPP",
  179: "Utc1600_POGO_O_C",
  180: "Utc1600_POGO_O_CPP",

  183: "Linker1010",
  184: "Export1010",
  185: "Implib1010",
  186: "Cvtres1010",
  187: "Masm1010",
  188: "AliasObj1010",

  199: "AliasObj1100",
  201: "Cvtres1100",
  202: "Export1100",
  203: "Implib1100",
  204: "Linker1100",
  205: "Masm1100",

  206: "Utc1700_C",
  207: "Utc1700_CPP",
  208: "Utc1700_CVTCIL_C",
  209: "Utc1700_CVTCIL_CPP",
  210: "Utc1700_LTCG_C ",
  211: "Utc1700_LTCG_CPP",
  212: "Utc1700_LTCG_MSIL",
  213: "Utc1700_POGO_I_C",
  214: "Utc1700_POGO_I_CPP",
  215: "Utc1700_POGO_O_C",
  216: "Utc1700_POGO_O_CPP",

  219: "Cvtres1200",
  220: "Export1200",
  221: "Implib1200",
  222: "Linker1200",
  223: "Masm1200",
  # Speculation
  224: "AliasObj1200",

  237: "Cvtres1210",
  238: "Export1210",
  239: "Implib1210",
  240: "Linker1210",
  241: "Masm1210",
  # Speculation
  242: "Utc1810_C",
  243: "Utc1810_CPP",
  244: "Utc1810_CVTCIL_C",
  245: "Utc1810_CVTCIL_CPP",
  246: "Utc1810_LTCG_C ",
  247: "Utc1810_LTCG_CPP",
  248: "Utc1810_LTCG_MSIL",
  249: "Utc1810_POGO_I_C",
  250: "Utc1810_POGO_I_CPP",
  251: "Utc1810_POGO_O_C",
  252: "Utc1810_POGO_O_CPP",

  255: "Cvtres1400",
  256: "Export1400",
  257: "Implib1400",
  258: "Linker1400",
  259: "Masm1400",

  260: "Utc1900_C",
  261: "Utc1900_CPP",
  # Speculation
  262: "Utc1900_CVTCIL_C",
  263: "Utc1900_CVTCIL_CPP",
  264: "Utc1900_LTCG_C ",
  265: "Utc1900_LTCG_CPP",
  266: "Utc1900_LTCG_MSIL",
  267: "Utc1900_POGO_I_C",
  268: "Utc1900_POGO_I_CPP",
  269: "Utc1900_POGO_O_C",
  270: "Utc1900_POGO_O_CPP"
}

附录三(Visual Studio MSC版本):

AbbreviationProduct name [Visual Studio version]VC ++ version_MSC_VER_MSC_FULL_VER
2022Visual Studio 2022 version 17.3.414.301933193331630
2022Visual Studio 2022 version 17.2.214.301932193231329
2022Visual Studio 2022 version 17.0.214.301930193030706
2022Visual Studio 2022 version 17.0.114.301930193030705
2019 Update 11Visual Studio 2019 version 16.11.214.281929192930133
2019 Update 9Visual Studio 2019 version 16.9.214.281928192829913
2019 Update 8Visual Studio 2019 version 16.8.214.281928192829334
2019 Update 8Visual Studio 2019 version 16.8.114.281928192829333
2019 Update 7Visual Studio 2019 version 16.714.271927192729112
2019 Update 6Visual Studio 2019 version 16.6.214.261926192628806
2019 Update 5Visual Studio 2019 version 16.5.114.251925192528611
2019 Update 4Visual Studio 2019 version 16.4.014.241924192428314
2019 Update 3Visual Studio 2019 version 16.3.214.211923192328105
2019 Update 2Visual Studio 2019 version 16.2.314.211922192227905
2019 Update 1Visual Studio 2019 version 16.1.214.211921192127702
2019Visual Studio 2019 version 16.0.014.201920192027508
2017 Update 9Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.1114.161916191627030
2017 Update 9Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.714.161916191627027
2017 Update 9Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.514.161916191627026
2017 Update 9Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.414.161916191627025
2017 Update 9Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.114.161916191627023
2017 Update 9Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9.014.161916
2017 Update 8Visual Studio 2017 version 15.8.014.151915
2017 Update 7Visual Studio 2017 version 15.7.514.141914191426433
2017 Update 7Visual Studio 2017 version 15.7.314.141914191426430
2017 Update 7Visual Studio 2017 version 15.7.214.141914191426429
2017 Update 7Visual Studio 2017 version 15.7.114.141914191426428
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.714.131913191326132
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.614.131913191326131
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.414.131913191326129
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.314.131913191326129
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.214.131913191326128
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.114.131913191326128
2017 Update 6Visual Studio 2017 version 15.6.014.131913191326128
2017 Update 5Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5.714.121912191225835
2017 Update 5Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5.614.121912191225835
2017 Update 5Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5.414.121912191225834
2017 Update 5Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5.314.121912191225834
2017 Update 5Visual Studio 2017 version 15.5.214.121912191225831
2017 Update 4Visual Studio 2017 version 15.4.514.111911191125547
2017 Update 4Visual Studio 2017 version 15.4.414.111911191125542
2017 Update 3Visual Studio 2017 version 15.3.314.111911191125507
2017 Update 2 †3Visual Studio 2017 version 15.214.101910191025017
2017 Update 1 †3Visual Studio 2017 version 15.114.101910191025017
2017Visual Studio 2017 version 15.014.10 †41910191025017
2015 Update 3Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 [14.0]14.01900190024210
2015 Update 2Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 [14.0]14.01900190023918
2015 Update 1Visual Studio 2015 Update 1 [14.0]14.01900190023506
2015Visual Studio 2015 [14.0]14.01900190023026
2013 Nobemver CTPVisual Studio 2013 Nobemver CTP [12.0]12.01800180021114
2013 Update 5Visual Studio 2013 Update 5 [12.0]12.01800180040629
2013 Update 4Visual Studio 2013 Update 4 [12.0]12.01800180031101
2013 Update 3Visual Studio 2013 Update 3 [12.0]12.01800180030723
2013 Update 2Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 [12.0]12.01800180030501
2013 Update2 RCVisual Studio 2013 Update2 RC [12.0]12.01800180030324
2013 Update 1 †3Visual Studio 2013 Update 1 [12.0]12.01800180021005
2013Visual Studio 2013 [12.0]12.01800180021005
2013 RCVisual Studio 2013 RC [12.0]12.01800180020827
2013 PreviewVisual Studio 2013 Preview [12.0]12.01800180020617
2012 November CTPVisual Studio 2012 November CTP [11.0]11.01700170051025
2012 Update 4Visual Studio 2012 Update 4 [11.0]11.01700170061030
2012 Update 3Visual Studio 2012 Update 3 [11.0]11.01700170060610
2012 Update 2Visual Studio 2012 Update 2 [11.0]11.01700170060315
2012 Update 1Visual Studio 2012 Update 1 [11.0]11.01700170051106
2012Visual Studio 2012 [11.0]11.01700170050727
2010 SP1Visual Studio 2010 SP1 [10.0]
Visual C++ 2010 SP1 [10.0]
10.01600160040219
2010Visual Studio 2010 [10.0]
Visual C++ 2010 [10.0]
10.01600160030319
2010 Beta 2Visual Studio 2010 Beta 2 [10.0]10.01600160021003
2010 Beta 1Visual Studio 2010 Beta 1 [10.0]10.01600160020506
2008 SP1Visual Studio 2008 SP1 [9.0]
Visual C++ 2008 SP1 [9.0]
9.01500150030729
2008Visual Studio 2008 [9.0]
Visual C++ 2008 [9.0]
9.01500150021022
2008 Beta 2Visual Studio 2008 Beta 2 [9.0]9.01500150020706
2005 SP1Visual Studio 2005 SP1 [8.0]
Visual C++ 2005 SP1 [8.0]
8.01400140050727
2005Visual Studio 2005 [8.0]
Visual C++ 2005 [8.0]
8.01400140050320
2005 Beta 2Visual Studio 2005 Beta 2 [8.0]8.01400140050215
2005 Beta 1Visual Studio 2005 Beta 1 [8.0]8.01400140040607
Windows Server 2003 SP1 DDK (for AMD64)1400140040310
2003 SP1Visual Studio .NET 2003 SP1 [7.1]
Visual C++ .NET 2003 SP1 [7.1]
7.1131013106030
Windows Server 2003 SP1 DDK131013104035
2003Visual Studio .NET 2003 [7.1]
Visual C++ .NET 2003 [7.1]
7.1131013103077
Visual Studio Toolkit 2003 [7.1]7.1131013103052
2003 BetaVisual Studio .NET 2003 Beta [7.1]7.1131013102292
Windows Server 2003 DDK131013102179
2002Visual Studio .NET 2002 [7.0]
Visual C++ .NET 2002 [7.0]
7.0130013009466
Windows XP SP1 DDK130013009176
6.0 SP6Visual Studio 6.0 SP6
Visual C++ 6.0 SP6
6.0120012008804
6.0 SP5Visual Studio 6.0 SP5
Visual C++ 6.0 SP5
6.0120012008804
Visual Studio 97 [5.0]
Visual C++ 5.0
5.01100
Visual C++ 4.24.21020
Visual C++ 4.14.11010
Visual C++ 4.04.01000
Visual C++ 2.02.0900
Visual C++ 1.01.0800
Microsoft C/C++ 7.0700
Microsoft C 6.0600

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